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Biography of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab: The Truth About Wahhabism, Salafism
By Jalal Abualrub; Edited by Alaa Mencke
577 pages, 1557 footnotes, from 300 Muslim & Western resources: Help us distribute 1400 copies, for free, including mailing costs within US (outside US contact us about extra mailing costs).
_______
Whenever the term ‘Wahhabi’ is mentioned, it stirs different emotions, perceptions, conceptions and impressions. To some, ‘Wahhabi’ is synonymous to religious fanaticism and fundamental intolerance that rely on the tools of violence and harshness to compel others to embrace it or be subjugated to its rule. To others, ‘Wahhabism’ is a reform movement within Islam that seeks to better the condition of Muslims and elevate them from the state of overwhelming feebleness, inertia and weakness they have succumbed to in current times. The almost constant reality is that most of those who speak of the ‘Wahhabi’ movement do not rely on valid evidence, scientific research, exact quotes and references to support their views, or true knowledge in the movement’s leaders or methodology. There is a world-wide campaign of criticism and negative propaganda currently underway in Muslim as well as Western media and religious and political establishments against this movement, mostly without valid evidence from reliable resources.
This is a scientific research on the biography and mission of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab, his life-story, creed, works, writings and legacy; on the meaning of ‘Wahhabi’, where it came from and what it means; and on many other issues pertaining to the, ‘Wahhabi’, movement in general.
Table of Contents
____________________
Introduction….. Page 1
Chapter One: Status of Islam in the Eighteenth Century..... Page 4
A -- Islamic Terms and Definitions…. .Page 5
B – Status of Islam in the Muslim World in the Eighteenth Century….. Page 12
C -- Status of Islam in Najd, Central Arabia, Just Before Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Started his Movement…. .Page 24
D -- Characteristics of the `Hanbali School of Thought…. .Page 32
E -- Status of the `Hanbali Madhhab in Najd, Central Arabia, in the Eighteenth Century…. .Page 42
F – Arabia’s Political Connection to the Ottoman State in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries…. .Page 43
G – Political Conditions in Najd During the Eighteenth Century…. .Page 47
H -- Britain and the Arabian (Persian) Gulf…. .Page 48
Chapter Two: Biography of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab….. Page 50
A – When and Where Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab was Born…. .Page 51
B -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab Seeks Religious Knowledge at an Early Age…. .Page 57
C -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab and the British Counsel in Basrah; Early “Wahhabi” Movement and Ties to European Powers…. .Page 75
D -- Back in His Hometown; Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Starts his Movement in Arabia…. .Page 81
E -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab Arrives at Dar`iyyah…. .Page 89
Chapter Three: The First Saudi State (1744-1818)….. Page 91
A – Terms and Definitions…. .Page 92
B – A Muslim Perspective on the Alliance Between Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab and Muhammad Ibn Sa`ud…. .Page 98
C -- A Western Perspective on the Alliance Between Ibn Sa`ud and Ibn Abdul Wahhab and the Establishment of the First Saudi State…. .Page 105
D – Political, Social, Moral, Educational and Monetary Systems in the First Saudi State…. .Page 127
E – A Brief Summary on the Expansion of the First Saudi State…. .Page 167
Chapter Four: Why Did the, ‘Wahhabi Jihad’, Start?..... Page 181
A -- Origin of the Terms “Wahhabi, Wahabi, Wahhabiyyah, Wahhabites, Wahhabism, Wahhabiyyun” …. .Page 182
B -- Definition and Types of Jihad…. .Page 188
C -- Why Did the Wahhabi Jihad Start? …. .Page 198
D -- Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, and the Role he Played in Destroying the First Saudi State…. .Page 204
E -- Destruction of the First Saudi State…. .Page 214
F -- The Second Saudi State…. .Page 231
Chapter Five: Analysis of the Western Perspective on the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab….. Page 235
Library of Congress Country Studies, Page 239; Thomas W. Lippman, Page 267; George W. Braswell, Page 277; Ira G. Zepp Jr. , Page 287; Albert Hourani, Page 296; Willem A Bijlefeld, Page 299; Macmillan Library Reference USA, Page 300; The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, Page 301; Alvin J. Cottrell, Page 303; Gerald De Gaury, Page 306; Philip Hitti, Page 311; Gene Gurney, Page 315; Karen Armstrong, Page 318; Michael Field, Page 329; Gerald De Gaury, Page 338; Ignaz Goldziher, Page 341; J. B. Kelly, Page 360; Macmillan Library Reference, Page 381.
Chapter Six: Western Travelers to Arabia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries….. Page 394
Daniel Saunders, Page 396; Captain George Forster Sadlier, Page 396; Hartford Jones Brydges, Page 401; Lewis Pelly, Page 402; Carsten Nieubuhr, Page 403; J. B. Philby, Page 404; John Lewis Burckhardt, Page 433; Richard Burton, Page 436; William Palgrave, Page 438; The Blunts, Page 440; Charles Doughty, Page 440; Samuel M. Zwemer, Page 443.
Chapter Seven: Biography of the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab from a Muslim Perspective….. Page 453
A – Level of Knowledge and Mannerism Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Attained…. .Page 464
B – Students and Children of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 468
C -- Books Authored by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 470
D -- The Statement of Prince Shakib Arsalan on the Creed of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 473
E -- Shaikh Muhammad `Hamid al-Fiqqi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 478
F -- Shaikh Muhammad Abdah, the Renowned Egyptian Scholar and Faqih…. .Page 481
G -- Ahmad `Husain, Founder of the Hizb Misr al-Fatah, on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 481
H -- Ahmad Ameen, a Famous Egyptian Scholar, on the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 482
I -- Ameen Sa`eed’s Biography of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 485
J -- Abdul Muta`al as-Sa`idi in his Book, Al-Mujaddidun fil-Islam…. .Page 486
K -- The Syrian Scholar Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Ridha…. .Page 491
L -- Dr. Muhammad Abdullah Madhi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 492
M -- Shaikh Sayyid Ma`hmud Shukri al-Allusi, the Scholar of Iraq, on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 493
N -- The Renowned Arab Linguist, Dr. Taha `Husain…. .Page 496
O -- Az-Zarakli on the Effect the Da`wah of Ibn Abdul Wahhab Had on Arabia…. .Page 497
P -- Muhammad Dhiyaa ad-Deen ar-Rayyis…. .Page 498
Q -- Abdul Karim al-Khatib on the Methodology of Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 499
R -- Shaikh Muhammad Bashir as-Sahsawani, From India…. .Page 500
S – Shaikh Ali Tantawi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 501
T – Abdul Ra`hman al-Jabarti, Author and Famous Historian…. .Page 501
U – Shaikh Mas`ud an-Nadawi on the Da`wah of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 502
Chapter Eight: Methodology Followed by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab as Recorded in His Writings….. Page 505
A – Status of Al-`Aqeedah at-Ta`hawiyyah…. .Page 506
B -- The Message that Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Sent to the People of Qhaseem…. .Page 509
C -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab’s Creed on Allah’s Names and Attributes…. .Page 565
Chapter Nine: Popular Perceptions About the Wahhabi Movement….. Page 583
A -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Was a Zealot Who Branded All His Foes as Heretics…. .Page 584
B -- The Wahhabi Mission is to Wage Holy War Against All Other Forms of Islam…. .Page 594
C -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Was a Prophet…. .Page 599
D -- The Wahhabis Are Harsh…. .Page 599
E -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Invented a new Madhhab (School of Thought) …. .Page 600
F – Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Invented a Heterodox Sect…. .Page 604
G -- The Wahhabis Resurrected the Wahbi Sect…. .Page 607
H – Wahhabis are Similar to Qaramitah…. .Page 611
I – Salafi (Wahhabi) Methodology Only Flourishes Among the Poor and in Desolate Areas…. .Page 613
J -- Wahhabis Only Celebrate Four Festivals…. .Page 618
K -- Wahhabis Literally Explain Quranic Texts Regarding Allah’s Hands and His Istiwaa, Leading them to Tajseem…. .Page 620
L – Wahhabis Believe that Texts of the Quran and Sunnah Take Precedence Over the Mind…. .Page 622
M – Wahhabis Believe in Jihad…. .Page 624
N – Wahhabiyyah Appeared in Najd, Land of Turmoil, Where the Devil’s Horns Appear…. .Page 628
O -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Defends his Movement…. .Page 629
Chapter Ten: Legacy of the, ‘Wahhabi Movement’….. Page 635
A -- Impact the So-Called Wahhabi Da`wah Had on the Muslim World…. .Page 636
B -- Wahhabi Role in Jihad Efforts Against the British and European Colonial Powers in India, Africa, Indonesia and Arabian Gulf…. .Page 657
C -- The Scholars Who Were Impressed by the Da`wah of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 670
Chapter Eleven: Conclusion….. Page 673
List of References….. Page 682
By Jalal Abualrub; Edited by Alaa Mencke
577 pages, 1557 footnotes, from 300 Muslim & Western resources: Help us distribute 1400 copies, for free, including mailing costs within US (outside US contact us about extra mailing costs).
_______
Whenever the term ‘Wahhabi’ is mentioned, it stirs different emotions, perceptions, conceptions and impressions. To some, ‘Wahhabi’ is synonymous to religious fanaticism and fundamental intolerance that rely on the tools of violence and harshness to compel others to embrace it or be subjugated to its rule. To others, ‘Wahhabism’ is a reform movement within Islam that seeks to better the condition of Muslims and elevate them from the state of overwhelming feebleness, inertia and weakness they have succumbed to in current times. The almost constant reality is that most of those who speak of the ‘Wahhabi’ movement do not rely on valid evidence, scientific research, exact quotes and references to support their views, or true knowledge in the movement’s leaders or methodology. There is a world-wide campaign of criticism and negative propaganda currently underway in Muslim as well as Western media and religious and political establishments against this movement, mostly without valid evidence from reliable resources.
This is a scientific research on the biography and mission of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab, his life-story, creed, works, writings and legacy; on the meaning of ‘Wahhabi’, where it came from and what it means; and on many other issues pertaining to the, ‘Wahhabi’, movement in general.
Table of Contents
____________________
Introduction….. Page 1
Chapter One: Status of Islam in the Eighteenth Century..... Page 4
A -- Islamic Terms and Definitions…. .Page 5
B – Status of Islam in the Muslim World in the Eighteenth Century….. Page 12
C -- Status of Islam in Najd, Central Arabia, Just Before Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Started his Movement…. .Page 24
D -- Characteristics of the `Hanbali School of Thought…. .Page 32
E -- Status of the `Hanbali Madhhab in Najd, Central Arabia, in the Eighteenth Century…. .Page 42
F – Arabia’s Political Connection to the Ottoman State in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries…. .Page 43
G – Political Conditions in Najd During the Eighteenth Century…. .Page 47
H -- Britain and the Arabian (Persian) Gulf…. .Page 48
Chapter Two: Biography of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab….. Page 50
A – When and Where Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab was Born…. .Page 51
B -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab Seeks Religious Knowledge at an Early Age…. .Page 57
C -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab and the British Counsel in Basrah; Early “Wahhabi” Movement and Ties to European Powers…. .Page 75
D -- Back in His Hometown; Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Starts his Movement in Arabia…. .Page 81
E -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab Arrives at Dar`iyyah…. .Page 89
Chapter Three: The First Saudi State (1744-1818)….. Page 91
A – Terms and Definitions…. .Page 92
B – A Muslim Perspective on the Alliance Between Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab and Muhammad Ibn Sa`ud…. .Page 98
C -- A Western Perspective on the Alliance Between Ibn Sa`ud and Ibn Abdul Wahhab and the Establishment of the First Saudi State…. .Page 105
D – Political, Social, Moral, Educational and Monetary Systems in the First Saudi State…. .Page 127
E – A Brief Summary on the Expansion of the First Saudi State…. .Page 167
Chapter Four: Why Did the, ‘Wahhabi Jihad’, Start?..... Page 181
A -- Origin of the Terms “Wahhabi, Wahabi, Wahhabiyyah, Wahhabites, Wahhabism, Wahhabiyyun” …. .Page 182
B -- Definition and Types of Jihad…. .Page 188
C -- Why Did the Wahhabi Jihad Start? …. .Page 198
D -- Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, and the Role he Played in Destroying the First Saudi State…. .Page 204
E -- Destruction of the First Saudi State…. .Page 214
F -- The Second Saudi State…. .Page 231
Chapter Five: Analysis of the Western Perspective on the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab….. Page 235
Library of Congress Country Studies, Page 239; Thomas W. Lippman, Page 267; George W. Braswell, Page 277; Ira G. Zepp Jr. , Page 287; Albert Hourani, Page 296; Willem A Bijlefeld, Page 299; Macmillan Library Reference USA, Page 300; The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, Page 301; Alvin J. Cottrell, Page 303; Gerald De Gaury, Page 306; Philip Hitti, Page 311; Gene Gurney, Page 315; Karen Armstrong, Page 318; Michael Field, Page 329; Gerald De Gaury, Page 338; Ignaz Goldziher, Page 341; J. B. Kelly, Page 360; Macmillan Library Reference, Page 381.
Chapter Six: Western Travelers to Arabia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries….. Page 394
Daniel Saunders, Page 396; Captain George Forster Sadlier, Page 396; Hartford Jones Brydges, Page 401; Lewis Pelly, Page 402; Carsten Nieubuhr, Page 403; J. B. Philby, Page 404; John Lewis Burckhardt, Page 433; Richard Burton, Page 436; William Palgrave, Page 438; The Blunts, Page 440; Charles Doughty, Page 440; Samuel M. Zwemer, Page 443.
Chapter Seven: Biography of the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab from a Muslim Perspective….. Page 453
A – Level of Knowledge and Mannerism Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Attained…. .Page 464
B – Students and Children of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 468
C -- Books Authored by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 470
D -- The Statement of Prince Shakib Arsalan on the Creed of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 473
E -- Shaikh Muhammad `Hamid al-Fiqqi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 478
F -- Shaikh Muhammad Abdah, the Renowned Egyptian Scholar and Faqih…. .Page 481
G -- Ahmad `Husain, Founder of the Hizb Misr al-Fatah, on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 481
H -- Ahmad Ameen, a Famous Egyptian Scholar, on the Movement of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 482
I -- Ameen Sa`eed’s Biography of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 485
J -- Abdul Muta`al as-Sa`idi in his Book, Al-Mujaddidun fil-Islam…. .Page 486
K -- The Syrian Scholar Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Ridha…. .Page 491
L -- Dr. Muhammad Abdullah Madhi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 492
M -- Shaikh Sayyid Ma`hmud Shukri al-Allusi, the Scholar of Iraq, on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 493
N -- The Renowned Arab Linguist, Dr. Taha `Husain…. .Page 496
O -- Az-Zarakli on the Effect the Da`wah of Ibn Abdul Wahhab Had on Arabia…. .Page 497
P -- Muhammad Dhiyaa ad-Deen ar-Rayyis…. .Page 498
Q -- Abdul Karim al-Khatib on the Methodology of Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 499
R -- Shaikh Muhammad Bashir as-Sahsawani, From India…. .Page 500
S – Shaikh Ali Tantawi on Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 501
T – Abdul Ra`hman al-Jabarti, Author and Famous Historian…. .Page 501
U – Shaikh Mas`ud an-Nadawi on the Da`wah of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 502
Chapter Eight: Methodology Followed by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab as Recorded in His Writings….. Page 505
A – Status of Al-`Aqeedah at-Ta`hawiyyah…. .Page 506
B -- The Message that Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Sent to the People of Qhaseem…. .Page 509
C -- Ibn Abdul Wahhab’s Creed on Allah’s Names and Attributes…. .Page 565
Chapter Nine: Popular Perceptions About the Wahhabi Movement….. Page 583
A -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Was a Zealot Who Branded All His Foes as Heretics…. .Page 584
B -- The Wahhabi Mission is to Wage Holy War Against All Other Forms of Islam…. .Page 594
C -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Was a Prophet…. .Page 599
D -- The Wahhabis Are Harsh…. .Page 599
E -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Invented a new Madhhab (School of Thought) …. .Page 600
F – Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Invented a Heterodox Sect…. .Page 604
G -- The Wahhabis Resurrected the Wahbi Sect…. .Page 607
H – Wahhabis are Similar to Qaramitah…. .Page 611
I – Salafi (Wahhabi) Methodology Only Flourishes Among the Poor and in Desolate Areas…. .Page 613
J -- Wahhabis Only Celebrate Four Festivals…. .Page 618
K -- Wahhabis Literally Explain Quranic Texts Regarding Allah’s Hands and His Istiwaa, Leading them to Tajseem…. .Page 620
L – Wahhabis Believe that Texts of the Quran and Sunnah Take Precedence Over the Mind…. .Page 622
M – Wahhabis Believe in Jihad…. .Page 624
N – Wahhabiyyah Appeared in Najd, Land of Turmoil, Where the Devil’s Horns Appear…. .Page 628
O -- Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Defends his Movement…. .Page 629
Chapter Ten: Legacy of the, ‘Wahhabi Movement’….. Page 635
A -- Impact the So-Called Wahhabi Da`wah Had on the Muslim World…. .Page 636
B -- Wahhabi Role in Jihad Efforts Against the British and European Colonial Powers in India, Africa, Indonesia and Arabian Gulf…. .Page 657
C -- The Scholars Who Were Impressed by the Da`wah of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab…. .Page 670
Chapter Eleven: Conclusion….. Page 673
List of References….. Page 682
Organizer
Jalal Abualrub
Organizer
Belleville, IL
